学术性的研究需要我们仔细的检查和评估信息的可信度。所以，当我们考虑各种现象时，我们要检验经验数据，并做出详细的解释以证明我们的解释是正确的。提供支持的证据和例子是建构我们研究叙述的重要部分。本文所提出的证据类型，既可支持自己的观点，又能使读者对自己的分析产生疑惑。重点在于，我们应该使用恰当的、合乎逻辑的短语，清楚地引导读者从一个观点到另一个观点。本文中，我们将讨论在什么情况下证据和例子应该被使用，以及有效语言的分类，这些语言可以用来支持论点。

学术性的研究需要我们仔细的检查和评估信息的可信度。所以，当我们考虑各种现象时，我们要检验经验数据，并做出详细的解释以证明我们的解释是正确的。提供支持的证据和例子是建构我们研究叙述的重要部分。

本文所提出的证据类型，既可支持自己的观点，又能使读者对自己的分析产生疑惑。重点在于，我们应该使用恰当的、合乎逻辑的短语，清楚地引导读者从一个观点到另一个观点。本文中，我们将讨论在什么情况下证据和例子应该被使用，以及有效语言的分类，这些语言可以用来支持论点。

When to introduce evidence and examples

这些证据和例子为你的陈述提供了一个坚实的基础。你的论据没有证据就不可信，也不令人信服。所以，当你介绍例子时，一定要在必要的时候提供证据，并且用词组正确清楚地说明证据是如何支持你的论点的。

你应该把你的论点和证据联系起来，当你：

• 提出“非常识性”的信息；
• 根据具体数据得出结论、推断或提出建议；
• 需要澄清之前的陈述，用一个例子会更有效；
• 需要确定一个类别的代表性例子；
• 区分不同的概念；
• 通过强调一个具体的情况来强调某一点。

Introductory phrases to use and their contexts

为了帮助你有效地支持你的陈述，下面我们根据它们的功能组织了下面六类介绍性短语。这个列表并不全面，但它将为你提供你可以使用的短语类型的想法。

1.Purpose：stating information that is not “common knowledge”

Introductory Phrase：

· [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]

· As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered

· According to [Author]

Example：

· As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .

· According to Marks and Peters . . .

2.Purpose：drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data

Introductory Phrase：

· suggests

· as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by

· based on

· can be seen/ observed when

· as seen in

· which is made apparent when

· is demonstrated by/ through/ when

· hinges on

Example：

· The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .

· As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .

· Based on self-reported survey results . . .

· This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . .

· As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .

· The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .

· The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .

· This conclusion hinges on . . .

3.Purpose：clarifying a prior statement

Introductory Phrase：

· for example

· for instance

· by way of illustration

· as an example

· to clarify

· to explain further

· namely

· to be specific

· that is,

· in other words

Example：

· This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .

· It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .

· By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculates feel prepared for . . .

· As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .

· To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .

· To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .

· Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.

· To be specific, bull markets can . . .

· That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .

· In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .

4.Purpose：identifying representative examples of a category

Introductory Phrase：

· for example/ instance

· such as*

· e.g.

· one/ another example

· like*

· excluding

· including

· an example being

*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.

Example：

· Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance.

· The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.

· The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).

· One/ another example of this exception is . . .

· I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.

· All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.

· All stars, including our sun, . . .

· Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .

5.Purpose：distinguishing concepts

Introductory Phrase：

· in a similar case

· unlike the case of

· in the same way

· as a case in point

· in a typical situation

· in a normal scenario

Example：

· In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .

· Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias.

· Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.

· As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . .

· In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .

· In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .

6.Purpose：emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation

Introductory Phrase：

· for example

· indeed

· in fact

· notably

· markedly

· as a case in point

Example：

· Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .

· Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .

· Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .

· High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .

· Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .

· As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros .